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B. The original concept of maaser is Torah-based. There we find several mitzvahs requiring Farmer Jew to give a tenth:
Positive Mitzvah #78: Maaser Behemah (the Livestock Maaser)
All Kosher cattle were tithed, and one tenth of the animals were brought to Jerusalem and offered as a sacrifice in the Holy Temple. The flesh of these animals was consumed within the confines of Jerusalem by the owners and their guests.
Positive Mitzvah #127: Maaser Rishon (the First Maaser)
One tenth of a farmer's produce was given to the Levite. Historically, the Levites served as the spiritual leaders of the Jews and therefore did not have their own portion of land in Israel. This Maaser was the basic livelihood of the average Levite.
Positive Mitzvah #128: Maaser Sheni (the Second Maaser)
Jewish agriculture followed a seven year cycle -- with the farming observing the Sabbatical every seventh year. On the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 5th year of this cycle, after separating the First Maaser, a second tithe was taken from the remaining crop. This produce was taken to Jerusalem and eaten there.
Positive Mitzvah #130: Maaser Ani (the Poor Man’s Maaser)
On the 3rd and 6th year of the aforementioned cycle, the second tithe was given to the poor, who ate (or sold) it wherever they wished.
C. Additionaly, every person is obligated to give a tenth of his earnings to charity.1 We already find this custom by our patriarchs. Before Jacob went to his uncle Laban he pledged to G-d that "everything that You give me, I will surely tithe to You."
How do I give maaser?
1. Be specific
Depends on which type you’re talking about. Firstly, all except the "income maaser" are only obligatory in the Holy Land. And many of their laws apply only when the Beit Hamikdash stands — which means, when Moshiach comes.
2. Deductions
Income maaser is given from all gross income and monetary gifts which a person earns or receives. There are certain deductions and credits -- such us tuition costs -- speak to a rabbi to find out if you are eligible. Similarly, if you are in a financial predicament, a rabbi should be consulted to find out what your obligations are.
Ed. note: Please also read, What is the minimum amount one must give to charity?
Footnotes
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Mitzvot » Agriculture RelatedJewish Identity » Kohains and Levites » The Holy Tribe
