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When G-d and Abraham sealed the "Covenant Between the Parts," G-d told Abraham, "You shall surely know that your seed will be strangers in a land that is not theirs, and they will enslave them and oppress them, for four hundred years" (Genesis 15:13). However, the entire four hundred years were not spent in Egypt. Rather, they started with the birth of Isaac thirty years later.* G-d told Abraham that his "seed will be strangers in a land that is not theirs," and beginning with the birth of Issac, Abraham's seed dwelt in a land that was not yet their own.
it is mathematically impossible to say that the Jews actually spent 400 years in Egypt
[Rashi on Exodus 12:40 explains why it is mathematically impossible to say that the Jews actually spent 400 years in Egypt.]
The actual back-breaking slavery started approximately 86 years before the Exodus.
* The 430 years referenced in Exodus 12:30 started with the actual "Covenant Between the Parts."
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