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If the Jewish calendar were to lose eleven days each year, Passover would not be restricted to springtime, every few years it would be in a different season. The same is true with all the other holidays too. For this reason, an extra month is added to the Jewish calendar every few years. On those years, called leap years, a second month of Adar is added, so we have Adar I and Adar II. This allows the lunar calendar to catch up with its solar counterpart.
The original Jewish calendar wasn't precalculated. Instead, on the 30th day of every month the Sanhedrin would be in session, awaiting witnesses who saw the crescent new-moon. If witnesses arrived, that day would be consecrated as Rosh Chodesh, thus the previous month would be a 29 day month. If no witnesses arrived, then automatically the next day was Rosh Chodesh, and the previous month was a 30 day month. Similarly, the leap years weren't precalculated. Rather, when the Sanhedrin realized that Passover would be too early on any given year, they would add a new month, thus ensuring that Passover (and all the other holidays) remained in its proper season. As soon as the Sanhedrin established Rosh Chodesh of any month, or if they decided to designate the year as a Leap Year, they would send emissaries to all the Jewish communities in the Diaspora, informing them of their decisions.
See also When and why did the Jews switch to a perpetual calendar?
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