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Shavuot is the only holiday that does not have a specific date in the Torah. It just says, fifty days after the second of Passover you shall celebrate Shavuot. This is because Passover and Shavuot is really one holiday—the Exodus from Egypt was not complete until we became a people at Sinai and had something to do with our freedom.
The other names are:
* The 'Time of the Giving of Our Torah' (Zman Matan Torahteinu). This is the holiday celebrating our receiving the Torah from G-d.
* Harvest Festival (Chag Hakatzir)2, because it (also) celebrates the wheat-harvesting season.
* First-Fruits Day (Yom Habikkurim)3 . Back in the day, when the Temple still stood in Jerusalem, the Jewish farmer would go out to his field and tie a thread around the first fruits to start budding. He would then bring these fruits in a fancy basket to the Temple. This Mitzvah was observed from the holiday of Shavuot through the holiday of Chanukah.
There is another name for Shavuot, though it does not appear in the Torah. The sages name it Atzeret4. Atzeret means "restrain (from work)"5 and in the context of holidays it is also used to connote conclusion6. On Shavuot we restrain from doing work, and the holiday is (its own holiday but also) the conclusion of Passover.
Footnotes
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